AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs Neural Networks

The modern world has become fully integrated with artificial intelligence to the point where most people don’t even notice its impact. Thanks to machine learning, we can take advantage of advanced recommendation systems that help us shop and watch movies, while deep learning has given us next-level image recognition. Various AI services allow companies to enhance their products and create tailored solutions that make our lives easier and our work more efficient.

In comparing AI vs machine learning vs deep learning networks, a lot gets lost in the process. In this article, we’ll dive into these technologies, highlight their importance, and discuss how they operate. We’ll also touch on the crucial differences between AI vs ML vs deep learning and take a look at the use cases for each technology.

AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs Neural Networks: Not a Competition

Before we go deeper into the subject of comparing AI vs machine learning vs deep learning, we would like to preface that these technologies are not competing alternatives. On the contrary—they represent different layers of a hierarchy as depicted in the image below. This article is meant to highlight the differences between them, not pit them against each other to choose the best. 

While artificial intelligence defines the broadest scope, attempting to create smart computer systems capable of performing complex tasks, machine learning (ML) is its subset that focuses on models that can learn from data. The next layer is represented by deep learning (DL), which builds upon ML techniques but utilizes multi-layered neural networks (NN)—architectural components that make DL possible. 

As we explore these technologies in more detail, it’s important to keep in mind that the boundaries between them are quite relative and schematic, meant to simplify the hierarchy and help you apply them effectively. 

Artificial Intelligence

Before we explore the AI vs machine learning vs deep learning comparison, let’s define these technologies. AI systems are machines that mimic human intelligence by employing algorithms to perform computing tasks. Dating back to the 1950s when the theoretical concept was first developed, AI is designed to work and react like humans. Once AI systems gained access to big data, they learned to process vast amounts of data, ultimately creating the powerful machines we have now. 

How AI Works

The goal is to create AI systems that closely resemble human cognitive functions, including problem-solving, reasoning, and learning. By processing large volumes of data, AI learns to identify patterns and make predictions. It starts with acquiring and processing data, followed by recognizing patterns. Based on predefined rules and detected patterns, machines make decisions and produce an output that can be further improved through a feedback loop.

Types of AI

There are several classifications that determine types of AI, but in this article, we’ll focus on two main categories: capabilities and functionalities. 

Capability-based

• Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) is considered a “weak” type of AI capable of mastering one specific task, like playing chess or image recognition. 
• Artificial general intelligence (AGI) falls under the category of “strong” AI and can theoretically perform numerous tasks at the human level. 
• Artificial super intelligence (ASI) is another strong AI type that surpasses human abilities in every task. 

Current AI systems are regarded as weak AI, while neither AGI nor ASI yet exists, including generative AI models. However, the research in this field is ongoing and promising. 

Functionality-based

• Reactive machines are only capable of responding to inputs without the ability to form memories or learn.
• Limited memory systems can reference the past to inform future decisions, but the referenced data is short-lived. 
• Theory of mindmachines can understand human emotions and thoughts, and are trained to react to human behavior. 
• Self-aware AIsystems have consciousness and self-awareness and can comprehend their own states and thoughts as well as human feelings and actions.

Theory of mind and self-aware AI systems are both very theoretical, while reactive machines and limited memory systems have already been designed. 

Limitations of AI

Despite the remarkable assets of generative AI in recent years, artificial intelligence still faces some significant limitations. For example, it’s highly dependent on substantial volumes of high-quality data that are currently running low. Additionally, current generative AI tools struggle with context and reasoning, leading to hallucinations and misleading outputs. AI systems also operate as so-called black boxes, making it difficult for computer science specialists to interpret their chains of thought. Finally, existing AI machines excel in specific domains and fail to generalize their knowledge like humans do.

Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence, machine learning focuses on developing algorithms that can analyze and make predictions. In AI vs machine learning vs deep learning, AI is a broader concept, while machine learning is capable of learning and becoming better at a certain function. For example, ML is used to make highly accurate predictions based on historical data. 

How ML Works

First, data is collected and preprocessed to make it ready for analysis. A system is ingested with relevant datasets to allow machine learning algorithms to analyze them for training purposes. Next, the ML system uses individual training examples to test its knowledge and see if it can answer related questions. These outputs are then analyzed, and the process is repeated until the system produces competent answers. As a result, each training example acts as a small contribution to the algorithm’s accuracy.

Types of ML

Supervised learning: As the name suggests, this type of ML is trained on already-labeled data. The supervised learning process requires input and output variables so that the system can predict outcomes based on historical data. For instance, you can feed the system labeled images of dogs and cats to allow machine learning algorithms to teach themselves how to distinguish between them.

Unsupervised learning: While supervised learning demands labeled data, the unsupervised learning process utilizes unlabeled data assets to autonomously discover patterns. Without any additional inputs, this type of machine learning model can identify hidden patterns, find relationships between variables, and classify data.

Reinforcement learning: In this type of machine learning model, the system is trained within an uncertain environment through trial and error. When the agent produces a successful action, it gets a reward to signify the achievement and reinforce this behavior.

Limitations of ML

In artificial intelligence vs machine learning, the latter is also increasingly dependent on large amounts of high-quality data. More importantly, complex datasets demand extensive feature engineering, the process requiring human expertise to identify relevant features from unstructured data. A costly and time-consuming process, feature engineering is contingent on in-depth domain expertise and can suffer from human error.

Deep Learning

Deep learning falls under the umbrella of machine learning and relies on an algorithm structure that resembles the human brain. The multi-layered structure of deep learning algorithms is called a neural network, which works with immense amounts of data. These artificial neural networks are what enable deep learning machines to make smart decisions. In fact, the vast majority of recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence are due to deep learning, including autonomous vehicles, social media algorithms, and chatbots.

How DL Works

First, the input layer enters the system in the preprocessed and transformed numerical form, followed by the calculation of weighted connections. To simplify, weights are levels of importance that signal to the machine which details to focus on. The so-called weighted sum of input activates the function to decide how to respond. The output layer provides the answer and compares it with the correct one to verify the accuracy. Lastly, the deep learning system works retrospectively to parse through the layers and correct the weights to minimize errors. The process is then repeated until a reasonable quality of output is achieved.

Types of DL

Here are some deep learning types used by data scientists, but the list is not exhaustive. 

Convolutional neural network (CNN): CNNs are designed to process grid-like data. In particular, they’re used for image recognition and analysis.

Recurrent neural network (RNN): RNNs are mostly used for sequential data in which order is important. These types of deep learning algorithms are capable of maintaining short-term memory to be able to retain information across sequences.

Generative adversarial network (GAN): GANs consist of two neural networks that compete with each other to produce higher-quality outputs. Comprising two neural networks, the generator and discriminator, GANs can generate synthetic data on par with authentic datasets.

Transformers: Revolutionary deep learning architecture in natural language processing (NLP), transformers rely on so-called attention to consider all words at once instead of sequencing. Attention is the deep neural networks’ ability to weigh the importance of different words.

Limitations of DL

In deep learning vs machine learning, the former requires significantly more training data and computing resources, limiting the capabilities of smaller companies. The usage of neural networks also poses certain threats, such as identifying optional parameters and vanishing gradients during backpropagation. Lastly, deep learning algorithms struggle to generalize and extrapolate their knowledge to new domains.

Neural Networks

As mentioned above, simulated or artificial neural networks play a major role in deep learning. Mimicking the neurons in the brain, neural networks consist of an input layer, an output layer, and several hidden layers. The node layers create a network by connecting to one another, each with its own weight and value. If the output is about the assigned value, the node becomes activated and transmits data to the next layer.

Types of Neural Networks

Let’s take a look at some popular NN architectures.This list can also be extended with other types. 

Feedforward neural networks are the simplest form of neural networks in which data flows in one direction from input to output.

Recurrent neural networks process data in a sequence and rely on internal memory to make decisions.

Symmetrically connected neural networks use symmetric connections between neurons and rely on the same weight in both directions.

Differences Between AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs Neural Networks

Now that we’ve learned the basics of these technologies, let’s take a closer look at the differences between AI, machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks.

Definition and Goals

Below are comparisons between AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs neural networks in terms of their main purpose. 

• AI: A broad discipline devoted to technologies that mimic human intelligence to solve complex tasks and make smart decisions.
• ML: A subset of AI that focuses on algorithms that learn from data to make predictions.
• DL: A subset of ML that uses neural networks to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain.
• NN: The building blocks of DL. NNs mimic the structure of the brain to identify patterns and make decisions.

Complexity

Let’s compare deep Learning vs machine learning vs AI vs neural networks in regards to how specialized they are. 

• AI: The most general category of intelligence.
• ML: Focused on algorithms that learn from data, ML is more specialized.
• DL: Due to multi-layered neural networks, DL is more complex.
• NN: Most commonly used in DL but can also be applied in simpler ML models.

Feature Engineering

Next are comparisons of AI, ML, deep learning, and neural networks in relation to how much manual feature engineering is required. 

• AI: Heavily relies on rule-based logic.
• ML: Requires some level of human intervention through feature engineering.
• DL: Automates feature extraction and minimizes the usage of manual feature engineering.
• NN: The backbone of DL, NNs are responsible for the structure that allows automatic feature extraction.

Data Dependencies

The differences between artificial intelligence vs machine learning vs deep learning vs neural networks in terms of which data is used and in what quantities. 

• AI: Rule-based AI works with minimal structured and unstructured data, while modern AI systems depend on extensive pre-training on large datasets.
• ML: Requires moderate amounts of structured and unstructured data to learn patterns.
• DL: Demands large amounts of labeled or unlabeled data for training.
• NN: Relies on large datasets. The more data is ingested, the more effective the NN.

Computational Requirements

Comparison between AI vs machine learning vs deep learning vs neural networks regarding the hardware requirements. 

• AI: When offered by large providers, it can run on standard hardware using APIs.
• ML: Standard hardware is sufficient, but can require GPU/TPU or CPU for larger datasets.
• DL: Needs powerful hardware to perform tasks with large computational requirements.
• NN: Relies on GPUs/TPUs to run large-scale models.

Transparency in Chains of Thought

How interpretable are artificial intelligence vs machine learning vs deep learning vs neural networks?

• AI: Rule-based AI is commonly quite transparent in its thought process.
• ML: Depending on its complexity, some ML systems provide reasonable transparency.
• DL: Often regarded as black boxes, partially or completely obscuring the chain of thought.
• NN: The more complex the system, the more opaque the decision making.

Use Cases: AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs Neural Networks

In the final block, let’s veer off the technical side of AI vs machine learning vs deep learning vs neural networks and talk about the actual applications of these technologies. From using AI in business, healthcare, and gaming to revolutionizing e-commerce with ML, this part will discuss how data science advancements can be utilized to help your bottom line.

Artificial Intelligence Use Cases

Chatbots and virtual assistants: Using NLP capabilities, AI-powered systems can be used to interpret and respond to user requests as well as perform simple tasks like setting reminders.

Games: Artificial intelligence is also utilized to power non-player characters (NPCs) to make rule-based decisions that align with game mechanics.

Medical diagnostics: Rule-based AI can emulate human intelligence and expertise to analyze medical images and patient data to make accurate diagnostic decisions.

Robotics: AI allows machines to be aware of their surroundings and physically interact with various objects, specifically in warehouses.

Machine Learning Use Cases

Spam detection: Machine learning algorithms analyze email data to identify messages that contain patterns associated with spam.

Recommendation systems: Machine learning models analyze user data to make intelligent product suggestions that might interest the customer.

Customer behavior: Using machine learning development, marketers can segment customers, predict churn, and identify other vital metrics that dictate customer behavior.

Predictive maintenance: With the help of sensors and machine learning algorithms, data scientists can forecast when equipment needs repair or replacement.

Credit Risk Assessment: Financial institutions rely on machine learning to evaluate the credit risk of each applicant to ensure their financial stability and responsibility.

Fraud Detection: In financial institutions, ML is used to analyze transactions to detect fraudulent patterns and flag them to help minimize fraud.

Deep Learning Use Cases

Image recognition: Deep learning has transformed image recognition, allowing the growth of autonomous vehicles and medical imaging.

Natural language processing: Deep learning is also responsible for language translation and text generation tools.

Speech recognition: Voice-controlled software relies on deep learning to recognize the text and sentiment and transcribe spoken words into text.

Autonomous vehicles: By analyzing sensors and recognizing patterns in the environment, deep learning allows for autonomous driving.

Generative models: Modern advanced generative AI models, including ChatGPT, were created using deep learning algorithms to produce image, text, and video content.

Style transfer: DL is also utilized in image generation to apply a specific artistic style.

Neural Networks Use Cases

Handwriting recognition: Artificial neural networks are used in digitizing handwriting and verifying signatures in business and public institutions.

Stock predictions: Using neural networks, traders can make data-driven decisions about the stock market.

Anomaly detection: Especially in cybersecurity, NNs are widely adopted to identify outliers and flag suspicious behavior.

Gaming: NNs are also employed for training models to master complex games like chess and Go.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between AI vs machine learning vs deep learning and neural networks is essential for modern-day business ventures. If you’re looking for ways to enhance your products and make them future-proof, consider reaching out to the NIX team. We’re a team of technical experts with three decades of experience across industries and technologies who will help you navigate this brave new world. Get in touch with our experts to learn more about machine learning vs deep learning vs AI and start your advanced project soon.